chernobyl primary sources

The MIT Press. Todays publication also contains declassified reactions from the U.S. State Departments intelligence bureau, the CIA, and the National Security Councils Jack Matlock, as well as reporting from the Ukrainian KGB. The level of gamma radiation particles is up to 1000 microroentgens per second. August 15th, 1986 Report Memo from S. Mukha to Comrade A.P. The Soviet Union knew the Chernobyl nuclear plant was dangerous and covered up emergencies there before the 1986 disaster, the Ukrainian authorities said as they released documents to mark the . Both Cold War superpowers attempted to draw emphasis away from their own technological failings by criticizing their counterparts nuclear programs. September 30th, 1986 Order of the Committee of State Security [KGB] of the USSR. 32. The History and Public Policy Program strives to make public the primary source record of 20th and 21st century international history from repositories around the world, to facilitate scholarship based on those records, and to use these materials to provide context for classroom, public, and policy debates on global affairs. ByAdam Higginbotham use it Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Discovery Institutions Keiser University Maryville University Miami Dade College A study of the claims by Medvedev can be found in the Department of Energy section, in the 1982 report "An Analysis of the Alleged Kyshtym Disaster"U.S. GOVERNMENT FOREIGN PRESS MONITORING900 pages of foreign media monitoring reports from 1986 to 1992, produced by the U.S. government's National Technical Information Service's U.S. Joint Publication Research Service. This note explains the processes of localizing the effects of the accident, lead deposits in the area, and the evacuation of collective farms and the city of Chernobyl. (1986, April 28). 4: The Story of Chernobyl in Documents Please review the below links to reference articles (tertiary sources) on this topic for more information. In special cases, it is possible to increase these standards to levels exceeding the previous by 50 times. The accident has left some nearby towns uninhabitable to this day.Radioactivity forced Soviet officials to create a 30-kilometer-wide no-habitation zone around Chernobyl, sealing off Pripyat. Materials from non-English language sources are translated into English.The reporting includes firsthand accounts of experiences during all points of the Chernobyl disaster. https://doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.74.1.104. Documents and Maps. Chernobyl, Ukraine Marina Shkvyria watches for animal tracks as she walks toward an abandoned village in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, the area sealed to the public after a nuclear power plant. Click image for link to full article (on Bowdoin network). Copy # 1 NOTICE As of 8 o'clock on the April 27 th, 1986, changes were detected in the radiation environment in the 3rd and 4th energy blocks of the Chernobyl atomic energy station.. for only $11.00 $9.35/page. Copyright: IAEA Imagebank. Chernobyl is a nuclear power plant in Ukraine that was the site of a disastrous nuclear accident on April 26, 1986. This document discusses weaknesses in the technical designs of nuclear power plants in the USSR and their potential consequences, concluding that the Leningrad, Kursk, and Chernobyl plants are dangerous. Soon, the world realised that it was witnessing a historic event. The George Washington University This book presents personal accountsof what happened on April 26, 1986, when the worst nuclear reactor accident in history contaminated as much as three-quarters of Europe. The archival location data is transliterated from Ukrainian, while titles, locations, and descriptions are transliterated from Russian, the language of the original source material. On April 26, 1986, there was an explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the republic of Ukraine. 35+ YEARS OF FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACTION, USSR Ministry of Energy, "Regarding the Accident at Reactor No. On Sunday April 26, 1986, at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near Pripyat, Ukraine, reactor #4 exploded. Learn more about the Chernobyl Disaster through historical newspapers from our archives. 4, and several hundred staff and firefighters tackled a blaze that burned for 10 days and sent. This report details government action after the Chernobyl incident including containment and evacuation efforts. But the radiation that spread in the aftermath of the explosion killed thousands in the months and years to. Yakovlev () as of 09:00 hours on May 6th, the total number of the hospitalized amounted to 3,454 peoplethe number stricken with radiation sickness amounted to 367 people. According to the protocols, the number of the sick is growing every day. Almost all of the working copies of Politburo sessions are still secret in the Russian Presidential Archive. The observed stronger relationship in Fukushima could reflect the difference between acute and chronic exposures, with Chernobyl bird populations showing a response to 20+ years of selection for resistance, or this could reflect the effects of other radionuclides (e.g., I-131 and Cs-134) that were present at high levels in Fukushima during the . Excerpt from May 2, 1986 International Herald Tribune (Schmemann and New York Times Service 1986). Articles and. Archive of the President of the Russian Federation (APRF), Record of Session of the CC CPSU Politburo, 28 April 1986, working copy, published in Rudolph Pikhoia, Sovetskii Soyuz: Istoriya Vlasti, 1945-1991 (Novosibirsk: Sibirskii Khronograph, 2000), pp. The Chernobyl disaster, the worst nuclear disaster in history, forced change upon the Soviet government as it was not possible to disguise the damage. Col. Aksenov, "Notice of Emergency Incident', Notice: Information from Places of Evacuation, Political Fallout: The Failure of Emergency Management at Chernobyl'. 127160). This collection contains Ukrainian and national KGB reports, Communist Party directives, and Ukrainian Academy of Science measurements which discuss technical issues with the plant, details of the accident, and emergency responses across the republic. Soviet Union. Col. Aksenov, 'Notice of Emergency Incident' (HDA SBU, Fond 11, Sprava 992, Tom 29). Chernobilsky Dossier KGB. National Security Archive. Top Secret Chernobyl is the first part of a two-volume documentary publication, taking the Chernobyl story through July 1986. May 2nd, 1986 Deputy Head of the 6th Department of the KGB Administration Lieut. At the Wilson Center, it is part of the Wilson Center's History and Public Policy Program. A reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in northern Ukraine exploded, spreading radioactive clouds all over Europe and a large part of the globe. April 24, 2023 / 9:56 AM / AP. The tasks delineated in this protocol include management of radiation levels in the European territories of the USSR, cleanup by the Ministry of Defense, and monitoring of international students studying in Ukraine at the time of the accident. It turns out that pregnant women and children were re-evacuated nearly to the red forest! April 26, 2019, Reactor No. (Please note, encyclopedias/tertiary sources should NOT be cited in your assignment. On my return to my deputys office, I put the originals back in the safe and thought: in this country everything is so unsteady, and if the communists end up in power again tomorrow, what will become of my family? Comrade V.S. Chernobyl may have confirmed that the USSRs nuclear technology was with many faults. chernobyl his 100 module four activity template: bias in primary sources (chernol) locate an additional primary source relevant to your historical event. INR information memorandum from Morton Abramowitz to the Secretary of State: Estimate of fatalities at Chernobyl reactor accident. He calmly uttered: in order to get the authorization to copy documents, I must address the organization that classified them. These documents contain information regarding acceptable levels of radiation on individuals, in foods, as well as on roads, clothing, and equipment. Florida Gov. Schmid dissects the various competing explanations for the Chernobyl disaster, including operator error, reactor design, and deficiencies in the Soviet system overall, and cites to more than 100 pages of notes on sources. 32. April 30th, 1986 Deputy Head of the 6th Department of the KGB Administration Lieut. A flood of reports on the hospitalization of the public comes, starting on May 4th. In two landmark studies, researchers have used cutting-edge genomic tools to investigate the potential health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, a known carcinogen, from the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in northern Ukraine. "Notice: Information from places of evacuation." Secret. Volume 2. The authors further encourage an expansion of International Atomic Energy Agency guidelines on sharing information. There is an active expulsion of graphite The Politburo approves urgent measures to deal with the fire and contamination and forms the Politburo Operational Group on Chernobyl. 9. The new accessions include technical memos on the construction and operation of the Chernobyl plant in its early years, immediate post-disaster reports, as well as discussions of societal views of and responses to the 1986 accident. A chain reaction nuclear energy, as well as conservation efforts to help restore and protect those areas of ecosystems most effected by the Chernobyl accident. Archive of the Gorbachev Foundation, Fond 2, opis 6, In these notes from a Politburo session, Chernyaev mainly records Gorbachevs interventions. May 12th, 1986 Untitled notice on public attitudes toward the Chernobyl accident (HDA SBU, Fond 11, Sprava 992, Tom 29). The laboratory used gamma-spectroscopy to analyze air filters from the areas around Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. Gubarev recommends that the central leadership should move quickly to award several liquidators who dont have long to live, in particular Major L. Telyatnikov, Lieutenants V. Pravik, and V. Kibenkov, with the rank of Hero of the Soviet Union and take priority care of other people working on eliminating the consequences of the explosion. This report explains ecological and security problems which arose several years later as a result of the Chernobyl accident, as well as areas for improvement in control of the reactor site and medical testing of the local population. According to Malcolm Browne, a journalist for The New York Times, Sweden was ideally situated to peek under Moscows veil of secrecy surrounding the Chernobyl accident due its close proximity to the USSR. SSR Council of Ministers for Kiev Oblast, Fesenko, to Comrade Tsybulko V.M., First Secretary of the Kiev Oblast Committee of the CP of Ukraine. Volume 2. Dr. Robert Peter Gale was an American physician that was called upon to help treat firefighters and other patients that were affected by the accident in Chernobyl. Gubarev compares standards and regulations in the Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Energy and finds the latter ones much weaker. Importantly, it also acknowledges that the potential impact zone includes approximately 4.5 million residents of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia, which was, at that time, not widely known. (1986, May 03). May 1986 Radiation Conditions in Kiev, Borodianka, Polesskoe, and Ivankov. And we did not have those who were guilty in the Chernobyl outrages under the party bosses, who called to intensify propaganda efforts aimed at the exposure of false fabrications of the bourgeois information and intelligence agencies about the events at the Chernobyl NPP, nor under democraciessovereign public prosecutors still keep a deathlike silence. Secret. This working copy ofa Politburo session provides details from the first discussion ofthe Chernobyl accident. 11, Sprava 992, Tom 29). May 8th, 1986 Notice: Information from Places of Evacuation. Is the leak continuing? (Schmemann and New York Times Service 1986). The DOE team analyzed the accident in detail, assessed the plausibility and completeness of the information provided by the Soviets, and performed studies relevant to understanding the accident. Gorbachev is also thinking about the connection between Chernobyl and the threat that nuclear weapons represent: One or two accidents like this and we would get it worse than from a total nuclear war., Archive of the President of the Russian Federation (APRF), Record of Session of the CC CPSU Politburo, 3 July 1986, working copy, published in Rudolph Pikhoia, Sovetskii Soyuz: Istoriya Vlasti, 1945-1991 (Novosibirsk: Sibirskii Khronograph, 2000), pp. Slavic Review, 74(1), 104126. Arthur Purcell, director of the Washington Resource Policy Institute, emphasized Chernobyls damning contribution to the international nuclear policy debate; the Chernobyl accident demonstrated that nuclear power is inherently unsafe (Purcell 1986). Overview from the Dictionary of Environmental Science and Technology. (HDA SBU, Fond 16, Sprava 1028). The decision is made to evacuate the town of Pripyat. The count is already in the thousands. 202-994-7000 [email protected]. Large amounts of radioactive material were released into the atmosphere, where it was carried great distances by air currents. The Chernobyl Newspapers Collection offers scholars the most comprehensive collection available for these titles, and features full page-level digitization, complete original graphics, and searchable text, and is cross-searchable with numerous other East View digital resources. Samoilov, Head of the 3rd Department of the 6th Service of the KGB Administration of the USSR for the City of Moscow, 'Information about Several Problems in the Use of Atomic Energy Stations in the USSR'. Top Secret. Still, the power plant continued to generate electricity until it was finally shut down in December, 2000.During the first year after the accident, about 25,000 people, mainly Soviet Army troops, were dispatched to the site to clean up the accident. This incident has been referred to as the world's worst nuclear power plant accident.THE ACCIDENTAccording to reports filed with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on April 25, 1986, technicians at the Chernobyl plant launched a poorly executed experiment to test the emergency electricity supply to one of its Soviet RBMK type design reactors. This burst of energy resulted in an instantaneous and violent surge of heat and pressure, rupturing fuel channels and releasing steam that disrupted large portions of the core. When I began to read the secret documents, I saw that the deception around the catastrophe turned out to be just as vast as the catastrophe itself. Andreyev answered my official inquiry 5 years after the accident: in the period of 1986 to 1989, in the specified zones 47,500 tons of meat and 2 million tons of milk over the limit of the level of contamination were produced.These circumstances put around 75 million people in dangerous living conditions (Authors Note- ! We will write a custom Research Paper on Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Disaster: Primary and Secondary Sources specifically for you. This document relays data received from chemical protection troops on radioactivity levels in Pripyat. A routine test at the power plant went horribly wrong, and two massive. Col. Aksenov, 'Notice of emergency incident.'" Photo Credit: Ukrainian Society for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (USFCRFC), National Security Archive Documents in the collection are in Russian and some in Ukrainian, with all titles translated . The reactor is practically destroyed. September 15th, 1982 Chair of the Committee of State Security [KGB] of the Ukrainian SSR to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, 'Informational Message for 14 September 1982'. INR Information Memorandum from Morton Abramowitz to the Secretary of State: Estimate of Fatalities at Chernobyl Reactor Accident. The document refers to the level of radiation in the area affected and the measures undertaken for planned evacuations. See also the Digital Archive collection on Ukrainian Nuclear History. Let me remind you that it was after the August coup of 1991. And here is the solution of sudden, miraculous healing., Secret. August 22, 1986. A report on how military personnel involved in the response to the Chernobyl accident are being improperly managed at the site, leading to inefficiencies in the cleanup process. The Chairman lists a series of directives and responses to the Chernobyl incident, addressed to different levels of KGB cadre, discussing ways to strengthen standards at nuclear power facilities, calling for increased responsibility for the failure of local KGB staff to inform the central command on plant issues, recommending that specialists be pulled in to ensure the safety of nuclear facilities going forward, and implementing more intense oversight at all nuclear plants and scientific research facilities to ensure that issues which may lead to accidents are known. Read more, One Woodrow Wilson Plaza1300 Pennsylvania Ave. NWWashington, DC 20004-3027, Nuclear Proliferation International History Project. One study found no evidence that radiation exposure to parents resulted in new genetic . If you experience a barrier that affects your ability to access content on this page, let us know via ourContact form. The posting today begins with Yaroshinskayas essay (written exclusively for this publication) reviewing the Chernobyl story and her own efforts dating back to 1986 to document and expose the lies and the secrecy that surrounded the disaster. Top secret", 1992, The book by Politburo member Vitaly Vorotnikov, "This Is How It Went",1995. M.A. Secret. His main criticism is about the lack of information, the level of secrecy, and the degree of incompetency that led to unnecessary human losses, especially among the fire-fighters. Voices from Chernobyl: The oral history of a nuclear disaster (K. Gessen, Trans.). Vorotnikov, V.I. Gorbachev blasts the nuclear industry leadership and academic scientists for making the wrong decisions, especially regarding placing nuclear power stations close to cities as if they had not been considered and approved by the party leadership and the Politburo itself. A monument dedicated to the liquidators stands in front of the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement that covers reactor No. 2130 H Street, NW 9, Sprava 34). () June 23, 1986. On 26 April 1986, the Number Four reactor at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant in what then was the Soviet Union during improper testing at low-power, resulted in loss of control that led to an explosion and fire that demolished the reactor building and released large amounts of radiation into the atmosphere. May 20th, 1983 Colonel A.I. Based on the latest data that has been gathered since we learned of the accident, it appears that the radioactive air mass from the Chernobyl nuclear reactor . 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant," Urgent Report to the CC CPSU Politburo, Extraordinary Session of the CC CPSU Politburo, CC CPSU Politburo Session (from Vitaly Vorotnikov Diary), CC CPSU Politburo Operational Group Session Protocol #1, CC CPSU Politburo Operational Group Session Protocol #2. Filters were also analyzed from Barrow and Fairbanks, Alaska. He also insists on informing the West and the socialist countries, especially because they are using the same reactors supplied by the USSR. 4: The Story of Chernobyl in Documents. (HDA SBU, Fond 11, Sprava 992, Tom 29). Also at this link is: Untitled Notice on Public Attitudes Toward the Chernobyl Accident, Research Topic List: Inequality and Human Rights, Research Topic List: Political Revolutions, Research Topic List: Climate Change and Environmental Issues. Topics covering the accident and its aftermath including domestic and international politics, sociological affairs, Chernobyl nuclear disaster plant fire, evacuations, sealing the reactor, cleanup mobilization, health implications, and people returning to region.DEPARTMENT OF ENGERY REPORTS1,244 pages of reports dating from 1982 to 2009 produced or commissioned by the Department of Energy.The agencies and institutions contributing to these reports include Los Alamos National Laboratory, United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, and the Pacific Northwest Laboratory.Highlights include:The 1986 Report of the U.S. Department of Energy's Team Analyses of the Chernobyl-4 Atomic Energy Station Accident Sequence DOE/NE-0076.The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) formed a team of experts from Argonne National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Matlock describes the Soviet response to the Chernobyl disaster as a PR fiasco, and predicts that it will make the Soviets testy. He cautions that the issue of Chernobyl and the Soviet failures should not be excessively exploited as it might backfire with the European publics and could also drive Gorbachev into a corner in terms of further negotiations. According to Vladimir Dolgikh, the Central Committee Secretary in charge of heavy industry and energy production who received information from Station Director Viktor Bryukhanov, the fire was extinguished and the reactor was not damaged. 12. These excerpts provide a practically verbatim account of the first discussion of the Chernobyl accident by the full Politburo. On April 26, 1986, an explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine led to the radioactive contamination of the surrounding countryside and to radioactive fallout throughout Eastern and Western Europe. Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant AccidentCIA, Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Congressional, GAO, and Foreign Press Monitoring Files. Excerpts from this amazing document are available to us thanks to the extraordinary work by the first Director of the Russian state archival agency (Rosarchiv), Rudolph Pikhoia, who published them in his book on the history of the Soviet government. Key sources include protocols of the Politburo Operational Group on Chernobyl that were published in Russian by the journalist and former Supreme Soviet deputy Alla Yaroshinskaya in 1992. All Rights Reserved, International Dimensions of Decolonization in the Middle East and North Africa: A Primary Source Collection, The Jupiter Missiles and the Endgame of the Cuban Missile Crisis: Sealing the Deal with Italy and Turkey, Iraqi Archives and the Failure of Saddams Worldview in 2003, The CIA and the Committee for Free Asia under Project DTPILLAR, FJHUMMING: Radio Libertys Russian Language Broadcasts from Taiwan. The Politburo Operational Group on Chernobyl was staffed by some of the most powerful and experienced leaders in the USSR. The report states that according to Ministry of Health representatives, adoption of special measures, including evacuating the population from the city, is unnecessary.. ) and created the conditions for increased mortality, the increase in the number of malignant tumors, the increase of the number of deformities, hereditary and somatic medical problems, and a change in the populations capacity for work. State Archives Department of the Security Service of Ukraine. This notice relays the level of radiation in the affected area and the measures undertaken for planned evacuations. Secret. () At present, there are around 10 thousand tons of meat with contamination levels of radioactive materials from 1.1*10-7 Ci/kg to 1.0*10-g Ci/kg in storage in fridges of the meat industry in a number of regions, in August to December of this year it is expected that another 30 thousand tons of such meat will enter into production. And then comes the recommendation: disperse the meat contaminated with radioactive material around the country as much as possible, and use it for the production of sausage products, canned goods, and manufactured meat products at a ratio of one to 10 with normal meat.. Ryzhkov, E.K. The United Kingdom, an Integrating Europe, and the NPT Negotiations, The Jupiter Missiles and the Endgame of the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Matter of Great Secrecy, We Are the Ones Who Manage the Affairs of the People: The Kuomintang Party School and its Legacy on both sides of the Taiwan Strait after 1949, Additional Radio Liberty Documents Now Online, Vietnams Struggles against Chinese Spies, American Spies, and Enemy Ideological Attacks, Cooperation between the North Korean and Polish Security Apparatuses in the 1980s, Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center for Korean History and Public Policy, Environmental Change and Security Program, North Korea International Documentation Project, Kissinger Institute on China and the United States, The Middle East and North Africa Workforce Development Initiative, Refugee and Forced Displacement Initiative, Science and Technology Innovation Program, Wahba Institute for Strategic Competition, An Explosion Occurred in Power Unit No. On May 2, 1986, one journalist demanded the most basic facts: What happened? YOUNG ACTIVISTS OF UKRAINE'S . This document discusses how radioactivity is measured, radiation safety norms and categories, and the permissible dose of radiation for different groups (i.e., accident responders, plant personnel, local residents). April 27th, 1986 Notice from the Operative Plenipotentiary of the 2nd Division of the 6th Administration of the Ukr. Similarly, Finlandanother country that had measured abnormally high radiation levelsrefrained from condemning the USSRs failure to release detailed information. No immediate evacuation followed. Virginia Gewin. Chernyaevs notes from the same Politburo session as Document 14 are less detailed than those made by official stenographers, but they capture the heated emotional atmosphere of the meeting and they cover the entire Chernobyl discussion. In February of 2011 it was reported that construction of the shelter may have to be halted, due to a $1 billion dollar short fall in the funds needed to complete the structure.A United Nations report released in February 2011 estimates the Chernobyl disaster caused thyroid cancer in 7,000 children in the affected area. April 2nd, 1973 Memo Report from the Head of the KGB Administration under the Ukr. Source: IAEA Imagebank #02790036, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Protocol No. () There are 10,198 people under in-patient examination and treatment, of which 345 people have symptoms of radiation sickness.. Moreover, the Chernobyl accident reignited calls, for increased safety regulations on nuclear energy, that received significant attention after the Three Mile Island accident. The tens of thousands of deaths of liquidators and victims of the catastrophe and the loss of health and quality of life for the nine million people who still survive in the affected areas paid for them. Secret. (HDA SBU, Fond 11, Sprava 992, T 33). The documents published today complement a number of other important accounts of Chernobyl. Milk from California and imported vegetables were also analyzed for radioactivity.Other report titles include: An Analysis of the Alleged Kyshtym Disaster; Workshop on Short-term Health Effects of Reactor Accidents; Preliminary Dose Assessment of the Chernobyl Accident; Internally Deposited Fallout from the Chernobyl Reactor Accident; Report on the Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station; Radioactive Fallout from the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Accident; Radioactivity in Persons Exposed to Fallout from the Chernobyl Reactor Accident' Radioactive Fallout in Livermore, CA and Central Northern Alaska from the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Accident; Projected Global Health Impacts from Severe Nuclear Accidents - Conversion of Projected Doses to Risks on a Global Scale - Experience From Chernobyl Releases; The Chernobyl Accident - Causes and Consequences; Chernobyl Lessons Learned Review of N Reactor; Reconstruction of Thyroid Doses for the Population of Belarus Following the Chernobyl Accident; The characterization and risk assessment of the Red Forest radioactive waste burial site at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant; Estimated Long Term Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident; and Environmental Problems Associated With Decommissioning the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Cooling Pond.DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE REPORTS816 pages of reports dating from 1990 to 2010 produced or commissioned by the Department of Defense.The reports include: Chernobyl Accident Fatalities and Causes; Biomedical Lessons from the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident; Nuclear Accidents in the Former Soviet Union Kyshtym, Chelyabinsk and Chernobyl; Retrospective Reconstruction of Radiation Doses of Chernobyl Liquidators by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance; Neurocognitive and Physical Abilities Assessments Twelve Years After the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident; Simulating Wet Deposition of Radiocesium from the Chernobyl Accident; and Radiation Injuries After the Chernobyl Accident Management, Outcome, and Lessons Learned.GAO REPORTS184 pages of reports from the United States General Accounting Office, whose name was later changed to the Government Accountability Office.

Who Did Mahalia Jackson Marry, Hustle Culture And Capitalism, What Would Happen If The Electoral College Was Abolished, Articles C