eisenhower letter to ngo dinh diem

Bi If you do reduplicate the document, indicate the source. Nhu suggested that he was not a central figure in the actions undertaken against the Buddhists, although he was in support of them. Ho Chi Minh condemns French imperialism (1920) CIA Saigon Station Chief John Richardson met with Ngo Dinh Nhu for a conversation that focused primarily on the evolving Buddhist crisis. Nhng President Ford on Americas post-Vietnam recovery (April 1975). Yale University Press, 2020 SAIGON, Vietnam, Oct. 24 -- In a letter to Premier Ngo Dinh Diem, President Eisenhower has expressed the hope that "indispensable reforms" would be carried out by South Vietnam in connection with the receipt of United States aid. NSC memorandum on US policy in South Vietnam Secretary of State Dean Rusk proposed that regular meetings of the group be conducted similar to the Cuban Missile Crisis meetings of the Ex Comm. Ci The National Security Archive has participated in these debates by introducing important new evidence and interpretation. Deputy Director of the Office of Southeast Asian Affairs, Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs, Department of State, Paul Kattenburg met with President Diem for three hours on August 28. Government Printing Office 1991). JFK Papers: Kennedy Tapes, Tape/Conversation 104/A-40/004; transcription by Luke Nichter. This supplemented the earlier electronic briefing book. General Taylors recommendations for Vietnam (November 1961) Following that there is a relative lull, then contact picks up again in early October when the coup forces were more potent and prepared to make their final push. in its present hour of trial, provided that your Government is prepared The received history on this is that Hilsman, Harriman, and NSC staffer Michael Forrestal advocated going ahead with a coup, while other factions opposed it. The Saigon government was headed by President Ngo Dinh Diem, an autocratic, nepotistic ruler who valued power more than either his relations with the Vietnamese people or progress in fighting the communists. Rusk, McNamara urge US involvement in Vietnam (November 1961) Here we present Roger Hilsmans record of that meeting from State Department files (Document 24). in purpose and effective in performance, that it will be respected both Center for National Security Studies FOIA request. After a September lull, the coup plotters in Saigon began to strengthen in early October. For you, for President Eisenhower, and for the American people, the choice in Vietnam was whether to 'sink or swim with Ngo Dinh Diem.' A Strong Anti-Communist Leader in South Vietnam At Geneva, Ho Chi Minh agreed to stop fighting in part because he was sure he'd win an election in South Vietnam. Eisenhower praises the progress in South Vietnam (October 1960), John F. Kennedys inauguration speech (January 1961) to give assurances as to the standards of performance it would be able Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research Thomas L. Hughes made notes of White House conversations with National Security Council staff member Michael Forrestal and Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs Roger Hilsman during August 24-28, 1963, which he referred to as coup planning week. Vietnam took up most of the discussions, including criticism of Nhus explanation for the series of events that led to the pagoda raids which Forrestal said was what he wanted us to hear. They agreed that the Diem government could not survive another 12 months. In a meeting between President Kennedy and his top advisors, even at that late hour they seemed divided over a possible coup. ngh sao v C TT Ng nh Dim? McNamara and Taylors report on South Vietnam (October 1963) He actually reached Saigon two days after their conversation (August 23, Washington date). Ho Chi Minhs declaration of independence (September 1945) Even now the views of Kennedy and some of his top aides about the advisability of a coup specifically have been shrouded by an incomplete documentary record that has led scholars to focus more on the attitudes of subordinates. several hundred thousand loyal Vietnamese citizens away from areas which are passing under (BS Tn Tht Thin), Ngha at home and abroad and discourage any who might wish to impose a foreign Kennedy and Lodge discussed the kinds of challenges Lodge was likely to face upon arrival, and how he proposed to deal with the Diem government. Kennedy wanted Lodge to make a personal assessment. News of ARVNs request for backing of a coup reached Kennedy as his presidents daily brief (then called the Presidents Intelligence Checklist, or PICL) was reporting that Ngo Dinh Nhu was indeed behind the Pagoda Raids, and that Nhu and Diem were issuing direct orders to military officers, leaving out the ARVN chain of command (Document 7). Tng Thng Ng US Senate debate on the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (August 1964) 735-736. Ngo Dinh Diem explains why he rejects national elections (July 1955) Fordham University History Department, and the Fordham Center for Medieval Studies in Don reported that Harkins clarified that his remarks about the non-desirability of a coup were inadvertent. US news report on the Paris peace agreement (January 1973) The Internet History Sourcebooks Project is located at the History Department of Fordham University, New York. nhng n anh ln (Nguyn Tng Phong), Nhng The implications of the agreement concerning . Cross examination of Lieutenant William Calley (1970) Our mission is to engage, educate, and inspire all learners to discover and explore the records of the American people preserved by the National Archives. Kennedy's views on removing Diem become more explicit in a tape recording of his meeting with newly-appointed Ambassador to Saigon Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., in mid-August 1963, just before Lodge set out for Saigon. Rust; fromRust's articleon Conein inStudies in Intelligence (cia.gov). 204, f.: Vietnam Subjects: Top Secret Cables (Tab C) 10/3-10/27/63.. the source. Le Duan: The path of revolution in the South (1956) "I was shocked by the death of Ngo Dinh Diem. A Viet Cong guerrilla tells of the Tet offensive (1968) Desperate to save himself, amid the coup fighting, President Diem drafted a proclamation ordering the army to reject all but his own orders and summoning help from loyal forces outside Saigon (Document 26). Diem agreed but believes he should have enough troops of his own to carry out his own defense. Chun Tng L Neither message, nor the McCone quote, appears in the Foreign Relations of the United States for example, and only the October 6 cable is in a study the agencys Inspector General subsequently did of the Diem coup. b mt c tit l sau 40 nm (T Gn), Nhng This amounted much more to a quest for more information on Saigon conditions than an assault against a purported pro-coup faction. Duong Van Minh Known popularly as "Big Minh," Duong led the South Vietnamese army under prime minister Ngo Dinh Diem. Eisenhower believed "losing" South Vietnam to communism would be a strategic, economic, and humanitarian disaster. in the formidable project of the movement of several hundred thousand loyal Subscribers may view the full text of this article in its original form through TimesMachine. As the fall progressed in Washington, numerous lists were drawn up of South Vietnamese leaders who could potentially replace the Diem government. Harriman again said that the U.S. would lose South Vietnam if the coup fails, which was necessary because the political situation was bound to disintegrate further under Diem. [2] Rufus Phillips, Why Vietnam Still Matters: An Eyewitness Account of Lessons Not Learned. with you in your capacity as Chief of Government, bow an intelligent program rule Unless otherwise indicated the specific electronic form of the document is copyright. The implications of the They spoke with academic Vietnam experts, the CIA station chief, and President Diem. Permission is granted for electronic copying, distribution in print form for educational Nguyn Vn Thiu In 1963, he became leader of South Vietnam after a coup in which Diem. Kennedys associates concluded early on that Ngo Dinh Nhu had to go. At one point Ambassador Lodge personally assured General Tran Van Don that CIA operative Conein was speaking authoritatively for the U.S. Kennedy did a lot of agreeing, letting Lodge talk, but the two concurred the press in Saigon posed a problem, JFK expressed the sense that something would have to be done about Diem, but he didnt want to be driven to that by the press, and he was not yet certain who, other than Diem, the U.S. could support in Saigon. Ng nh Dim: Giai on cc k gy cn (HNT & TTN) by a long and exhausting war and faced with enemies without and by their The suicide note of Hanoi governor Hoang Dieu (1882) Diem's handwritten proclamation to the Army on the day of the coup, November 1, 1963 (Document 26). the institutional owner, and is not liable as the result of any legal action. Again, the 2003 E-book presented an array of materials on these events (Documents 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28), ranging from Kennedys White House sessions to monitor events, to the CIA daily situation reports, to a cable relating several versions of how Diem and Nhu died, to a CIA retrospective analysis of press coverage of the deaths. Washingtons last opportunity to back out of the Saigon coup occurred on October 29, when President Kennedy gathered his advisers to go over the ground one more time. JFK Library: Roger Hilsman Papers: Country File, b. Tng - Bn c n cn (T Gn) November 15, 1954, pp.735-736. JFK Library: John Newman Papers, Notebook, August 24-31, 1963.. The Archive is indebted to Dr. Roland Popp, researcher at the Swiss Military Academy ETH Zurich, for Documents 9 and 11. Bin Tnh Sng - (Hoi cm ca Trn khc Knh). . The E-book contained a selection of documents that showed how Washington considered South Vietnamese who might be alternative candidates for leadership, and jumped ahead to the final days before the coup. Forrestal also commented, without further elaboration, that others had not been privy to the latest Lodge-JFK private communications. TT Government of Viet-Nam. There were more contacts with the Vietnamese generals. DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: I have been following with great interest the course of Seymour Hersh breaks the story of the My Lai killings (1969) The agreement called for an election to reunify the two zones in 1956. for Medieval Studies. Cht ca TT Ng nh Dim (Aladin Nguyen) V We have been exploring ways and means to permit our aid to Viet-Nam to be more effective and to make a greater contribution to the welfare and stability of the Government of Viet-Nam. Decisions had yet to be made in Washington. This website is created and maintained by Alpha History. more pictures and Minh identified the principal plotters, assured the CIA man a coup would take place in the near future, and outlined several possible coup options. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Current one is: October 24. Kennedy, John F. Kennedy to Ngo Dinh Diem. Our additional records do not change the impression we expressed in 2009 that Nolting had essentially gone native (Documents 9, 10). Diem made conflicting claims that the Buddhists were being stirred up by communist cadres and that the crisis was entirely solved. We present both the audio of that meeting and a transcription of it crafted by Luke Nichter. v. t. e. Ng nh Dim, the President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States, the main ally of his government, in 1957. JFKL: Roger Hilsman Papers, b. Nhu had begun weekly meetings with the generals of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) where he himself had introduced the subject of a coupas he told the CIA, it was a psychoanalytic technique which might induce the ARVN officers to reveal their intentions. Diem said that the Buddhist uprising had been resolved. The IHSP is a project independent of Fordham University. Vn Hng, History of Strategic The cycle of meetings opened on Monday, August 26, after the Hilsman cable had been sent and when the object was whether to confirm the instruction it had contained. Such a government would, I hope, be so responsive to the nationalist aspirations of its people, so enlightened in purpose and effective in performance, that it will be respected both at home and abroad and discourage any who might wish to impose a foreign ideology on your free people. 05/08/1957 ARC Identifier: 542189 Item from Record Group 342: Records of U.S. Air Force Commands, Activities, and Organizations, 1900 - 2000 Ridenhour's Confession Vn Ph hc t mt s tun tit (TS Lm L Trinh), Cu Eisenhower made it clear to Diem that U.S. aid to his government during Vietnams hour of trial was contingent upon his assurances of the standards of performance [he] would be able to maintain in the event such aid were supplied. Eisenhower called for land reform and a reduction of government corruption. In an extraordinary series of notes made by Diem during the coup from his bunker under Gia Long Palace, discovered by Luke Nichter in November 2016 at National Archives II in Ho Chi Minh City, Diem struggled to regain control. The National Security Archive documented this event in some detail in our 2003 electronic briefing book, where we presented the meeting agenda, a tape of the conversation, the NSC meeting record, and two draft cables to Saigon that the participants considered (2003 E-book, Documents 18, 19, 20, and 21 plus audio clip). Ho Chi Minh appeals to the American people (May 1964) A US intelligence briefing on the situation in Vietnam (August 1974) Modern History Sourcebook, Fordham University Center By the end of the meeting, Kennedy asked for a cable to be sent to Lodge and Harkins to get their appraisal whether a coup could be successful. copy-permitted texts for introductory level classes in modern European and World history. The discussion that followed is remarkable for the unanimity that had developed among nearly all of Kennedys advisors against Diem. If President Diem refused to jettison Nhu, then Diem would have to go as well. TT Cuc Bromley Smith again took notes of another meeting held that afternoon. ideology on your free people. According to recollections by DCI John McCone, made in the course of interviews conducted by the Church Committee in 1975, he met with President John F. Kennedy and Attorney General Robert Kennedy on or around October 5 after Conein reported that Big Minh discussed a possible assassination plan. He represented the Pagoda Raids as some sort of victory for Diem, absolved Nhu of responsibility for them, pictured Diem as a man of integrity who had tried to carry out all the promises he had made to the United States, and framed Vietnamese Buddhism as manipulated by Cambodia. The purpose of this offer is to assist On October 23, Don had another get-together with CIAs Conein (Document 21) where he demanded assurances on the U.S. stance and the intelligence officer was able to answer in a way that satisfied Washington guidelines. 735-736. Viet Minh call to arms against the Japanese (March 1945) The implications of the agreement concerning Vietnam have caused grave concern regarding the future of the country temporarily . READ MORE: How the Vietnam War Ratcheted Up Under 5 U.S. Presidents. 204, f.: Vietnam: Subjects: Top Secret Cables (Tab C) 10/3-10/27/63.. In reviewing the different ways to achieve a change in government, assassination, Minh said, was the easiest plan to accomplish although he disavowed any political ambitions himself. One can see the flurry of activity in August, during the first serious discussion of a coup shortly after Lodges arrival in Saigon. Harkins, a long-time friend of Lodges from their upbringing in Massachusetts and shared time in the U.S. Army, expressed regret for his remarks and said he would inform Don that his comments did not reflect official U.S. Government policy. t. e. Ng nh Dim ( / djm / [1] or / zim /; [2] Vietnamese: [ n jm] ( listen); 3 January 1901 - 2 November 1963) was a South Vietnamese politician who was the final prime minister of the State of Vietnam (1954-1955), and then served as the first president of South Vietnam ( Republic of Vietnam) from 1955 until he . Rather than revisit all of that debate, here we want to touch on a few points, presenting nuances in the form of the Thomas Hughes notes (Document 6) and meetings with Diem and Nhu that were taking place within this timeframe (Documents 8, 14, 15), amplifying the evidence. As . Through September and October, even as Washington sought to make its point by considering evacuation of U.S. nationals, withdrawals of American troops, and halting CIA aid to South Vietnamese Special Forces, President Kennedy tried to understand the situation better. Lodge spoke with Harkins on the afternoon on October 23. United States Ambassador Donald R. Heath delivered this letter from President Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem, President of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam (Viet-Nam), on October 23, 1954. and to remember the thousands of Ng nh Dim: Ti thit min Nam (HNT & TTN), Ci The implication is that Mike [Forrestal] is.. Lodge told Diem that he knew little about Vietnam but hoped to advise him on American affairs. He co-authored today's posting with Archive Fellow John Prados. Washington, DC, November 1, 2020President John F. Kennedy was more disposed to support the removal of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem in late 1963 than previously appeared to be the case, according to a recently released White House tape and transcript. While Diem had not yet surrendered, the coup plotters planned to set up a civilian government as soon as the coup was over. Hilsman dominated the discussion, with Taylor doubting whether Saigon could get along without Diem, and McNamara sought assurances on four points. The assistant chief, left to comment on General Minhs options, advised Washington not to dismiss the assassination too quickly, as the other possibilities basically meant civil war. [9] Document number deleted, October 28, 1963, FRUS, v. IV, p. 449. The contact, and the meeting which followed, tipped the Americans to Nhus maneuvers to create channels to Hanoi, reminded them that coup plans still existed, and informed CIA that the generals were awaiting Diems response to their demands for cabinet-level positions in the South Vietnamese government (Document 13).[4]. Ho Chi Minh on founding the Inodchinese Communist Party (1930) Reprinted from The Department of State Bulletin (November 15, 1954), pp. Assassination Records Review Board release, document 157-10014-10227. The White Houses response to the Geneva declaration (July 1954) That was the climate in which ARVN General Tran Thien Khiem asked CIA for a meeting. President Eisenhower's letter to South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem promising aid against the North, October 1954. By this juncture, 1963, that optimism had evaporated and Kennedy felt that obstructionists in Saigon were losing ground against a communist insurgency. Presenting his credentials to Diem on August 26 (Document 8), Ambassador Lodge got 10 minutes to explain the role of public opinion in setting U.S. policy, advising that the Saigon leader release Buddhist prisoners, after which Diem minimized the importance of Buddhists, then treated him to a two-hour harangue on his family and South Vietnam as an underdeveloped country. From: President Eisenhower To: Ngo Dinh Diem Date: October 23, 1954 Dear Mr. President: I have been following with great interest the course of developments in Vietnam, particularly since the conclusion of the conference at Geneva. Oval Office, August 15, 1963 (Photo: Abbie Rowe; JFK Library,AR8072-A). We have since continued to collect material, and Luke Nichters presentation of the Kennedy-Lodge tape from mid-August offers a good opportunity to revisit the coup. That was one reason for the study missions. LBJ Library: Bromley K. Smith Papers, b. Lodge was the first diplomat to meet with LBJ as president. Fax: 202/994-7005Contact by email. ISBN:978-0-3002-1780-3, William Colby and the CIA: The Secret Wars of a Controversial Spymaster An American press report on the Binh Xuyen (April 1955) Lodge warned how difficult it could be to control such an event, noting that Madame Nhus mother believed that she, along with Diem and Nhu, were all going to be assassinated., LBJ Library: Ball Papers, b.7, f.: Vietnam I (1/15/62-10/4/63.. As we demonstrated in our 2009 E-book the reality was more complex. state, capable of resisting attempted subversion or aggression through nguyn vi C TT Ng nh Dim (Phan Thit) Ngo Dinh Diem head of the South Vietnamese government Khrushchev Russian premier backed The Central Intelligence Agency ______ the Bay of Pigs invasion of Castro's Cuba. Such a government would, I hope, be so responsive to the nationalist aspirations of its people, so enlightened in purpose and effective in performance, that it will be respected both at home and abroad and discourage any who might wish to impose a foreign ideology on your free people. Ngo Dinh Diem decrees the death sentence (May 1959) President Dwight Eisenhower: Letter to Ngo Dinh Diem (October 23, 1954) 241 National Security Action Memorandum No. JFKPapers: NSF: Country File: b. No The CIA learned of a talk he had had with ARVN commanders in the Saigon area where Nhu asserted that a cutoff of foreign aid would not be a problem because South Vietnam had enough foreign currency reserves to continue for 20 years. Retrieved From http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/psources/ps_eisenhower.html / (Original Work published oct. 23 1954). Step-by-step explanation As discussed in the chapter titled "The United States and Vietnam" by Anderson, the letter written by President Dwight Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem on October 23, 1954 provides evidence to support the notion that the United States' link with Vietnam changed through time. At the same time, there was infighting within the ranks of the South Vietnamese army officers, and the latest turmoil is likely to be only the first phase in a new wave of instability. granted for electronic copying, distribution in print form for educational Compare this to Items 6 (audio), 7 and 8 of E-book 302, December 11, 2009. Eisenhower sent a letter to Ngo Dinh Diem, the Prime Minister of South Vietnam, with America's plans and motives in efforts to gain the trust of a possible new American ally. Together, these materials offer comprehensive documentation on the Kennedy administrations August coup talk. On the evening of September 7, Ngo Dinh Nhu called a meeting of all senior South Vietnamese military commanders in the Saigon area. Gi nh Mnh (T Gn - Si Gn Nh), CS Ambassador Lodge was sending home his CIA station chief. DocsTeach is a product of the National Archives education division. John F. Kennedy, Eisenhower's successor in the White House, would increase the commitment of U.S. resources in support of the Ngo Dinh Diem regime in South Vietnam and of non-communist. of a country temporarily divided by an artificial military grouping, weakened CIA Director Colby described a Saigon situation that pictured the pro-regime forces as stronger than the plotters. The citizens of America saw this, not as an opportunity, but as a danger to their precious country. McCone shot back that the best line was no line. The former ambassador argued that no one other than Diem could keep South Vietnam together. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. held his first meeting with South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem on August 26. John Kerry anti-war testimony to the US Senate (April 1971) 204, f.: Vietnam: Subjects: Top Secret Cables (Tab C) 10/3-10/27/63.. When, that May, Ngo Dinh Diems government got into a political confrontation with Vietnamese Buddhists, American frustration increased. The quote has been used in virtually every account of the Diem coup written since that time. 05/09/2018 12:04 AM EDT. Changing the day will navigate the page to that given day in history. Nhu claimed he was prepared to join them which could have been an effort to unmask the coup plotters and their grievances rather than a genuine statement of support. The implications of the agreement concerning Viet-Nam have caused grave concern regarding the future The Internet to permit our aid to Viet-Nam to be more effective and to make a greater The implications of the agreement concerning Viet-Nam have caused grave concern regarding the future of a country temporarily divided by an artificial military grouping, weakened by a long and exhausting war and faced with enemies without and by their subversive collaborations within. disassembling Kennedy's firm but cautious action in the Cuban missile crisis resulted in the _________ of Russian missiles. October 23, 1954. purposes and personal use. Pham Van Dong on Geneva, Vietnamese independence (July 1954) South Vietnams president Nguyen Van Thieu resigns (April 1975) At the same time, Nhu ordered soldiers to fire upon Americans and other foreigners involved in acts intended to be hostile toward South Vietnam. While Minh said he did not expect U.S. support for a coup, he wanted to ensure that no effort would be made to thwart a change in government. Flying from Hawaii on President Dwight Eisenhower's private plane, Columbine III, and greeted at National Airport by the President, Diem received full military honors including a 21-gun salute. to examine with you in your capacity as Chief of Government, bow an intelligent program of A US report on Soviet aid to North Vietnam (November 1965), US MACV memo on winning the Vietnam War (September 1965) that the United States is able to assist in this humanitarian effort. [1] The next day, INR went ahead to craft a paper on The Problem of Nhu (Document 17), where analysts cited South Vietnamese opinions that Nhu had become the dominant power in Saigon, exercising an overriding, immutable influence over Diem.. Attorney General Kennedy said he did not think a coup made sense in terms of U.S. policy objectives, while Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara echoed concern about the effect a coup could have on war progress. ISBN: 978-0-7006-1690-9, Vietnam: The History of an Unwinnable War, 1945-1975 American aid given directly to your Government can serve to assist Viet-Nam in its present Internet Compare to Documents 18 and 19, and the audioclip in the E-book of November 5, 2003. Bi Eisenhower wrote to South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem and promised direct assistance to his government. But within hours he would be deposed and 24 hours later summarily executed by the military. Ambassador to South Vietnam, Henry Cabot Lodge, August 15, 1963. mi nm sau tnh hay m (BS Nguyn Tin Cnh ), CS An Australian press report on the Tet offensive (February 1968) Lodge left for Saigon, planning to stop in Hawaii and Japan on his way to receive various briefings and touch base with senior U.S. officials. They agreed that the coup plotters would deal only with Conein in the future. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and Years later, when the Church Committee was investigating the CIA (in 1975), McCone quoted himself telling John F. Kennedy, in precise words that he remembered very clearly, Mr. An American ally against communism in Asia, Diem embarked on a two-week visit to the United States. You can navigate days by using left and right arrows. [5] Joint Chiefs of Staff Memorandum, General Maxwell D. Taylor and Secretary Robert C. McNamara-President John F. Kennedy, October 2, 1963. November 1, 2013, Kennedy Considered Supporting Coup in South Vietnam, August 1963 PFC Meadlo on his role in the killings at My Lai (November 1969) Such a government would, I hope, be so responsive to the nationalist aspirations of its (JFK Papers: NSF: Country File, b. by a long and exhausting war and faced with enemies without and by their subversive SOURCE: Department of State Bulletin. In a meeting with Nhu, some officers went so far as to express interest in taking part in a coup. Nhu spoke out in response to signals that the U.S. planned to cut foreign aid, dismissing the speculation by saying that South Vietnam had sufficient reserves to operate for twenty years. Don was furious that a different, subordinate ARVN officer, talking of a different coup, had been discouraged by U.S. military group commander General Paul D. Harkins, while word of that had reached President Diem. Similarly, Alleged Assassination Plots quotes two CIA cables sent to Saigon, respectively, on October 5 and 6, of which only the latter message seems to exist in the public domain (DIR 73661, here presented as Document 19). Letter from President Eisenhower to Ngo Dinh Diem, President of the Council of Ministers of Vietnam, October 23, 1954 DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: I have been following with great interest the course of developments in Viet-Nam, particularly since the conclusion of the conference at Geneva. For his part, Nhu also came off as more and more ominous (Document 15). b mt c tit l sau 40 nm (T Gn) HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Cable 243 discusses the removal of Ngo Dinh Diem (August 1963) nhng n anh ln (Nguyn Tng Phong), Phn CIA electronic reading room; declassified July 24, 2015.

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