linus pauling vitamin c, lysine protocol

In addition, a 2013 systematic review by the same investigators identified only two small randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that examined the effect of vitamin C on the incidence of respiratory infection-induced asthma(179). The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages for the general public. 2016(5):Cd004073. 16. The information on dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages contained on this website does not cover all possible uses, actions, precautions, side effects, and interactions. Retrospective in vitro colony formation assays revealed that patient leukemic cells displayed variable sensitivity to vitamin C treatment: leukemic cells from seven out of the nine patients who experienced a significant clinical benefit were sensitive to vitamin C in vitro (i.e., "responders"); the leukemic cells from the remaining six patients were not sensitive to vitamin C (i.e., "non-responders"). Lee DH, Lim JS, Song K, Boo Y, Jacobs DR, Jr. Graded associations of blood lead and urinary cadmium concentrations with oxidative-stress-related markers in the U.S. population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Age-related decline of sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transport in isolated rat hepatocytes. (PubMed), 102. Both vitamin C and aspirin reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c concentrations and improved blood lipid profile in metformin-treated patients. Pharmacokinetic studies in older adults have not yet been conducted, but there is some evidence suggesting that the efficiency of one of the molecular mechanisms for the cellular uptake of vitamin C declines with age (208). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Crit Care Med. 2013;97(4):800-807. (PubMed), 19. Harding AH, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, et al. BMJ. 1999;91(6):547-556. J Am Coll Nutr. Ashor AW, Lara J, Mathers JC, Siervo M. Effect of vitamin C on endothelial function in health and disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M. Differentiated cells and the maintenance of tissues. Because oxalate is a metabolite of vitamin C, there is some concern that high vitamin C intake could increase the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones. 178. A comprehensive review of the literature found no credible scientific evidence that supplemental vitamin C promotes oxidative damage under physiological conditions or in humans (206). *Monooxygenases catalyze the hydroxylation of one substrate, whereas dioxygenases catalyze a reaction that couples the hydroxylation of a specific substrate with the conversion (decarboxylation) of -ketoglutarate into succinate. 2008;26(3):297-304. (PubMed), 109. (PubMed), 134. While the Sesso study showed no mortality benefit, many previous studies such as the Enstrom Study showed a striking 40% reduction in all-cause mortality over 6 years from the same 500 mg daily vitamin C . Vitamin C also participates in redox recycling of other important antioxidants; for example, vitamin C is known to regenerate vitamin E from its oxidized form (see the article on Vitamin E). Related to this oxidation -reduction ( redox) potential, two major functions of vitamin C are as an antioxidant and as an enzyme cofactor (1). Ester-C should not be confused with ascorbyl palmitate, which is also marketed as "vitamin C ester" (see below). Divergent effects of alpha-tocopherol and vitamin C on the generation of dysfunctional HDL associated with diabetes and the Hp 2-2 genotype. Linus Pauling's Basic Vitamin Advice is Centered on Vitamin C, and adds: Vitamin E - 800 to 3200 iu Per Doctor Sinatra's Miracle of CoQ10 book, an epidemiological WHO study showed that heart attack is 70% more likely in people with low blood levels of vitamin E, than in people with high blood pressure or high choleserol. 2013;106(5):310-315. Am J Clin Nutr. Unlike plants and most animals, humans have lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C endogenously and therefore have an essential dietary requirement for this vitamin (see The Recommended Dietary Allowance). (PubMed), 208. Milan SJ, Hart A, Wilkinson M. Vitamin C for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. In contrast, a 2014 meta-analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies in 17,696 women with breast cancer found a lower risk of total and breast cancer-specific mortality with higher supplemental and dietary vitamin C intakes (126). (PubMed), 115. Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Faseb J. 1993;57(2):213-217. 2008;105(32):11105-11109. Ann Intern Med. (PubMed), 187. Carr AC, Cook J. 2013(10):Cd010391. Depletion-repletion pharmacokinetic experiments demonstrated that plasma vitamin C concentration is tightly controlled by three primary mechanisms: intestinal absorption, tissue transport, and renal reabsorption (22). Prenatal vitamin C and E supplementation in smokers is associated with reduced placental abruption and preterm birth: a secondary analysis. Additional studies have reported that vitamin C enhances the chemotactic and microbial killing capacities of neutrophils and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B- and T-lymphocytes (reviewed in 18). Moran JP, Cohen L, Greene JM, et al. 1998;147(12):1162-1174. The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages for the general public. The lively 92-year-old first gave a candid history of how he came to take up the vitamin C cause. Vitamin C treatment substantially reduced the incidence of periprocedural myocardial injury, as assessed by a reduction in the concentrations of two markers of myocardial injury, namely creatine kinase and troponin-I (131). Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble, There is some evidence to suggest that vitamin C may be a useful, There are insufficient data to suggest a link between vitamin C status and the risk of developing a given type of. 2018;9:809. (PubMed), 83. (PubMed), 25. (PubMed), 35. (PubMed), 29. One 12-month randomized placebo-controlled trial in 456 participants with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin examined the effect of vitamin C (500 mg/day) or acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin; 100 mg/day) on risk factors for diabetes-related complications such as CVD (147). Endothelial dysfunction results in widespread vasoconstriction and coagulation abnormalities. At this time, avoidance of vitamin C deficiency or insufficiency, rather than supplementation in replete individuals, seems prudent for the promotion of healthy brain aging (101). 1972;177(4043):65-68. Finally, mutations in genes coding for vitamin C-dependent TET demethylases, mutations that are common in cancer cells, may also contribute to resistance to vitamin C treatment (165). (PubMed), 76. Galasko DR, Peskind E, Clark CM, et al. A more recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial has been designed to examine the effect of vitamin C and vitamin E administration on ischemia-reperfusion damage in 99 patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angioplasty (132). In a cross-sectional study conducted in 4,576 African Americans, the odds of having hyperuricemia was associated with dietary intakes high in fructose, low in vitamin C, or with high fructose-to-vitamin C ratios (118). Tower drink mixes replace handfuls of pills and are made with pharmaceutical-grade, bioidentical ingredients. Vitamin C supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. There is a need for better quality studies to examine the effect of vitamin C on cardiovascular endpoints in participants with elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutrition Forum 2:33-36, 1985. Eur J Clin Nutr. (PubMed), 96. (PubMed), 173. New York: Marcel Decker, Inc.; 1997:1-24. A 2011 meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials in healthy individuals with elevated serum uric acid revealed that vitamin C supplementation (a median dose of 500 mg/day for a median duration of 30 days) modestly reduced serum uric acid concentrations by 0.35 mg/dL compared to placebo(120). (PubMed), 148. J Am Heart Assoc. 10th ed. The Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function [VCSIP] study is an ongoing trial designed to confirm these preliminary observations using more accurate measurements of pulmonary function in a larger sample of women randomized to receive supplemental vitamin C or placebo (96). Current evidence of the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in cancer patients is limited to observational studies, uncontrolled interventions, and case reports(174, 175). . Int J Surg. Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations relate inversely to blood pressure in human subjects. The European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk prospective cohort study investigated the relationship between vitamin C status and incident heart failure in healthy adults (9,187 men and 11,112 women, aged 58.1+/-9.2 years) (49). Arch Ophthalmol. (PubMed), 111. Influence of intravenous vitamin E supplementation in cardiac surgery on oxidative stress: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled study. 200. In another AD mouse model that was lacking the ability to synthesize vitamin C, supplementation with a high versus low dose of vitamin C reduced amyloid deposition in the cortex and hippocampus and limited blood-brain barrier impairments and mitochondrial dysfunction (99). 2011;34(1):108-114. Crit Care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. This highlights the fact that limitations associated with dietary assessment methods such as food frequency questionnaires may be overcome by using biomarkers of nutrient intake (50, 51). 2005;17(3):341-345. Front Physiol. Ascorbic acid, cognitive function, and Alzheimer's disease: a current review and future direction. In vitro experiments performed using 11 different cancer cell lines demonstrated that sensitivity to vitamin C correlated with the expression of catalase, an enzyme involved in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (172). Whether any increase in oxalate levels would translate to an elevation in risk for kidney stones has been examined in several epidemiological studies. Three meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials have reported an overall reduction in the risk of post-operative atrial fibrillation following administration of primarily oral vitamin C (140-142). (PubMed), 84. J Stroke. 2013;32(12):1508-1517. 2012;37(12):2706-2714. Originally written in 2000 by: THERAPEUTIC: Pauling recommended that those who have had a heart attack or stroke should take at least 6 or more grams of vitamin C and 4 to 6 grams of lysine. (PubMed), 20. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Klingelhoeffer C, Kammerer U, Koospal M, et al. Such a reduction falls within the range of assay variability and is unlikely to be clinically significant (121). Although observational studies suggested that supplemental vitamin C may be helpful to prevent incident and recurrent gout, this has not been demonstrated by intervention studies undertaken thus far. The MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study: preliminary results. Depletion and reaccumulation. In some patients, vitamin C dosages may rise as high as 18 grams per day (Linus Pauling's daily dosage), and at high levels, the mineral dosages could cause problems/imbalances. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is a potent reducing agent, meaning that it readily donates electrons to recipient molecules ( Figure 1 ). (PubMed), 168. There is a need for larger, longer-duration phase II clinical trials that test the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in disease progression and overall survival (176). No association between fruit, vegetables, antioxidant nutrients and risk of renal cell carcinoma. (PubMed), 171. 2011;26(3):309-318. Myint PK, Luben RN, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. The relation between gastric vitamin C concentrations, mucosal histology, and CagA seropositivity in the human stomach. Cell Mol Life Sci. A 2013 systematic review identified 11 randomized controlled studies that evaluated the effect of vitamin C on asthma (eight trials) or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (three trials) (180). Schleicher RL, Carroll MD, Ford ES, Lacher DA. 2000;31(10):2287-2294. Alterations in the structure and function of the vascular endothelium that lines the inner surface of all blood vessels are associated with the loss of normal nitric oxide-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation. In this latter trial, a greater decline in the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was observed in the supplemented group, however, the significance of this observation remains unclear. Relationship between oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and ultrastructural damage in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing cardioplegic arrest/reperfusion. (PubMed), 162. 2015;45(11):1161-1174. However, in test tube experiments, vitamin C can interact with some free metal ions and lead to the generation of potentially damaging free radicals. Dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins and mortality from cardiovascular disease: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study (JACC) study. Bjog. 2012;52(9):815-829. Spoelstra-de Man AME, Elbers PWG, Oudemans-Van Straaten HM. However, no such associations were found in pooled analyses of prospective cohort studies(109). All our products feature Linus Pauling's two main recommendations: Lots of vitamin C and the amino acid lysine to neutralize Lp (a) cholesterol. A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women. 1976;84B(5):280-284. Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? (PubMed), 61. Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, et al. A 2018 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes found that most improvement in markers of oxidative stress and blood glucose control could be attributed to vitamin E(145). (PubMed), 93. 5 Jariwalla RJ, Harakeh S. Antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of ascorbic acid. Retention in the body (PubMed), 163. Intravenous ascorbic acid infusion improves myocardial perfusion grade during elective percutaneous coronary intervention: relationship with oxidative stress markers. Nutrients. Ohno S, Ohno Y, Suzuki N, Soma G, Inoue M. High-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer. The effect of vitamin therapy on the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis varies by haptoglobin type in postmenopausal women. Making sense of early high-dose intravenous vitamin C in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Another trial randomized 532 patients to receive a 3-g vitamin C infusion or a placebo (saline solution) within six hours prior to coronary angioplasty (131). 2013;22(12):2202-2211. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;56. One hundred percent absorption efficiency is observed when ingesting vitamin C at doses up to 200 mg at a time. They should instead seek or continue treatment with anti-hypertensive medication and make dietary and lifestyle changes in consultation with their health care provider. Kook SY, Lee KM, Kim Y, et al. (PubMed), 100. Bertoia M, Albanes D, Mayne ST, Mannisto S, Virtamo J, Wright ME. Overall, observational prospective cohort studies have reported no or modest inverse associations between vitamin C intake and the risk of developing a given type of cancer(37, 61-63). 2014;30(1):96-101. J Rheumatol. (PubMed), 108. (PubMed), 183. A small randomized controlled trial performed in 60 ischemic stroke patients showed that intravenous vitamin C administration (500 mg/day for 10 days, initiated day 1 post-stroke) had no effect on serum markers of oxidative stress or neurological outcomes compared to placebo(143). Human genetic variation influences vitamin C homeostasis by altering vitamin C transport and antioxidant enzyme function. There is no scientific evidence that large amounts of vitamin C (up to 10 grams [g]/day in adults) exert any adverse or toxic effects.

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