native american last name ray
They were forced to walk many miles without sufficient food, water, or hygiene. These names are people who self-identified as "American Indian and Alaskan Native" in the Decennial Census survey. AP photo. WTOP.com | Alexa | Google Home | WTOP App | 103.5 FM, Name etched in gold, King Charles school remembers him, 2 killed, 4 wounded in Mississippi shooting; man arrested, Press box collapse at West Virginia softball game injures 9, Virginia Gov. Simon Ray of Block Island. Some did get recorded in various documents as Wray and Rea and Reah, but the name remained Reagh. Chevy Chase, MD 20815. River this name is of Native American origin and means loving and peaceful, but also determined and loyal. One of the most popular gender-neutral Native American names is Kai. Peter Rae was an inventive man for his time. Dr. John Rae was the famous Scottish explorer of the Canadian Arctic who settled later in life in London. Rae Strait was named. The Ray house survived the war and the Rays continued living there for another ten years. White Eagle means eagle with white feathers which were considered sacred to the Sioux Indians. Derived from Navajo b "for him" and llee "magic power". Two Raes from the Dumfries area headed south in the 1850s. WebNorth Carolina, U.S., Native American Census Selected Tribes, 1894-1913 Free Index; Oklahoma Osage Tribe Roll, 1921; Oklahoma and Indian Territory, Indian and Pioneer Historical Collection, 1937 Free Index; Oklahoma and Indian Territory, U.S., Dawes Census Cards for Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914 Updated The surname Peshlakai is of Native American origin and means something shiny and silver. Rays West. They were one of the Border reiving families, although not amongst the largest in terms of numbers. 2018 Petabit Scale, All Rights Reserved. They also tend to be intelligent! 2023 The Associated Press. WebThere is a family tree at ancestry.com titled Ojibwe of the St Croix River which has over 1200 family surnames, Anishinabae names, photos, and source information on the families who where from the villages on and near the St. Croix River in Minnesota and Wisconsin. on the families who where from the villages on and near the St. We have done A separate index of Native Americans interviewed, including the Cherokee, may be viewed at: Indians in the Indian Pioneer Papers Some of the surnames from the Currently, the most popular American Indian and Joseph Reagh, a Presbyterian minister, had come to Maryland from Donegal via Pennsylvania sometime in the 1770s. Over time, the native Semipresencial en Aguascalientes, Maestra a distancia en Actividad Fsica y Salud, Maestra a distancia en Energas Renovables, Descubre un completo Directorio de Centros de Formacin, Mejore su italiano con solo 15 minutos al da. This one is of German origin. Cochise Apache warrior chief from the 1860s-1890s known as one of the greatest warriors of his time. After the war he moved to Kentucky and then to Indiana where he died in 1840 at the grand old age of 99. All rights reserved. This name is of Scandinavian origin. Oregon, Washington state and Connecticut are among those with similar laws, forbidding schools to use Native American nicknames unless they have permission from a tribe. compiled from Minnesota and Wisconson US Indian Census Schedules, birth William Ray from Belfast was in Pennsylvania in the 1770s and fought in the Revolutionary War. The LeBeau family moved from France to the United States before the American Revolution. 2. Science-fiction author Ray Bradbury (1920 Rather, everything was delivered orally. Alabama had the highest population of Clanton families in 1840. Last year, the school board for Montville, Connecticut, voted to drop its Indians nickname after the neighboring Mohegan Tribe, owner of the Mohegan Sun casino, said it would prefer a different name. He died on the 17th of March 1737 in the 102nd year of his age.. Rays, mainly English, came first to New England. We spent a lot of time downloading, cleaning, merging, and formatting the data that is shown on the site. It is said to be of Native American origin. He was born in either Tyrone or Donegal, adjacent to the river Foyle near St Johnston. Check out our other articles to learn more about the names of other cultures and countries. 2. WebAll U.S., Native American Applications for Enrollment in Five Civilized Tribes (overturned), 1896 results for ray Provided in association with National Archives and Records Administration Edit Search New Search Filters ( 1 ) Winters This name means trustworthy and loyal friend, which makes for a great last name! , was an American painter and visual artist active in the Dada and Surrealist movements. Walks this signifies a person who has great understanding and carries the knowledge of the ancestors. Saul Rae became a diplomat and served as Canadian ambassador to the UN, Mexico and the Netherlands during the 1960s and 1970s. There are a few names listed twice. WebThe Rolls contain over 101,000 names and can be searched to discover the enrollees name, sex, blood degree, and census card number. Dyami. Popular names include Tallulah, which means leaping water, Chenoa, which means white dove, and Enola, which means magnolia. In this article, we rounded up a list of Navajo names and name meanings. This was certainly the case with the Raes from the Dumfries area. Currently, the most popular American Indian and Alaskan Native last name in America is Smith, with a total count of 21,742 people who have the surname. Then, with his presumed brothers, Hugh, Patrick and John, he was listed on the Hearth Tax Rolls in Donegal in 1663. But as New York joins states moving to ban schools use of Indigenous nicknames and mascots because they diminish Native cultures, the tribe may have the last say over whether the logo stays. Seneca President Rickey Armstrong Sr. endorsed New Yorks ban when it was proposed in November, while acknowledging the Salamanca school systems unique relationship with the 8,000-member nation. Marijah and other Native American students favor keeping the schools logo, which features the profile of a Native American man, despite the states ban on the use of Indigenous names, mascots and logos by public schools. School leaders say the omnipresent logo and Warrior name for the school athletic teams are sources of pride here, in the only U.S. city built on land leased from a Native American reservation. William Rae travelled on the Marco Polo to Melbourne in 1857 and married and settled down in Rathscar, Victoria. Student Marijah Skye, 17 years old, poses at Salamanca High School in Salamanca, N.Y. on April 18, 2023. This name comes from England and can be used for either a first or last name. Such as Bird Song of the Nez Pierce tribe. His descendants moved west to Wisconsin in 1840. Aiyana: Navajo, forever flowering Ajei: Navajo, my heart Asdza: Navajo, woman Awee: Navajo, baby Bly: Navajo, high, exalted Chenoa: Navajo, white dove Chooli: Navajo, mountain Dibe: Navajo, lamb Doba: Navajo, peace Doli: Navajo, bluebird Enola: Navajo, magnolia Haloke: Navajo, salmon Halona: Navajo, fortune Haseya: Navajo, she Turtle this signifies being safe and strong like a turtle, and it can mean someone who is wise and kind like a turtle as well. As Europeans and Americans began intermixing with Native Americans in America, many began adopting the practice of using a surname. It can also signify a person with light-colored hair or skin. In Ulster the name was probably of Scottish or English origin. Its widely known, 14-year-old Jaxon Crouse said, especially around territory as a school, and its kind of just the community., Today's breaking news and more in your inbox. They were pioneers in this new land and built the first church and schoolhouse. He was secretary of the Hammerman trade guild in Dumfries and had his own private printing press in Kirkbride as early as 1712. Elisais a well-known parenting writer who is passionate about providing research-based content to help parents make the best decisions for their families. It can also mean someone who watches over others like the moon does with its light. Goodman Cohen had fled with his family from the pogroms in Lithuania to Scotland in the 1890s. Most of the Reas (pronounced Ray) in Antrim, Down and in county Cavan were probably Scottish in origin. The best-known ones are the Navajo, Cherokee, Apache, and Sioux. Caleb Ray was the Boston jailer from 1687 to 1699 when he was removed from the position for allowing pirate prisoners to escape. This one is of German origin. It also denotes a connection to the earth and/or water. USA.gov, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Nationwide, 966 districts have Native themed mascots, according to NCAIs database, with Braves, Chiefs, Warriors and Indians the most widely used. Prior to 1900, Native Americans didnt have surnames. When this is the case, you will likely know some of your history from tribal records. "Most Common American Indian And Alaskan Native Last Names in the United States". Simon Rae came to South Island, New Zealand about the same time. School leaders say the omnipresent logo and Warrior name for the school athletic teams are sources of pride here, in the only U.S. city built on land leased from a Native American reservation. Names with powerful denotations include Cochise, which means warrior chief, and Hashkeh Naabah, which means angry warrior. Raes from the Dumfries area were the Rev. Just as the history behind the most common Black/African-American surnames tell a dark and sad story, so too does the history of Native American and Alaskan surnames. Nuevo curso 'online', Maestra en Ciencias Ambientales presencial en Benito Jurez, Licenciatura en Administracin de Empresas presencial en Benito Jurez, Maestra a distancia en Lingstica Aplicada a la Enseanza del Espaol como Lengua Extranjera, Licenciatura Ejecutiva en Psicologa Semipresencial. While they werent subject to the same tyranny as Native Americans, many were still given English last names by the government. Semipresencial en Madrid, Espaa, Maestra en 'Data Management' e Innovacin Tecnolgica 100% en lnea. Rather, children were named at birth after an animal or physical phenomenon. Rose rose can be traced back to the word rosa which means beautiful flower, which is great for anyone with a name that symbolizes something beautiful! Im really not comfortable going to the Seneca Nation and having them potentially be the bad guy here, Beehler said in an interview. Peshlakai. But as New York joins states moving to ban schools use of Indigenous nicknames and mascots because they diminish Native cultures, the tribe may have the last say over whether the logo stays. Several students who belong to the Seneca Nation said the image stirs a sense of pride. WebThis collection includes nearly 800 photographs of Native Americans from various Oklahoma tribes. Error, please try again. His path took him from Aberdeen to Ontario and thence, in a circuitous route via New York and Central America, to San Francisco in 1849 at the time of the Gold Rush. Oregon, Washington state and Connecticut are among those with similar laws, forbidding schools to use Native American nicknames unless they have permission from a tribe. School leaders say the omnipresent logo and Warrior name for the school athletic teams are sources of pride here, in the only U.S. city built on land leased from a Native American reservation. Theyre tied to being a Salamanca Warrior, said Redeye, who coordinates Native American programming in the schools. The name was conferred on the people who collected the taxes. He was alive to see his son James elected Governor of Indiana. Lucy Love, Nutsa Eliminated from the Competition. Cemeteries Rays Further South. This is for people who have Individual Indian Money trust fund accounts. In Salamanca, school officials have been preparing for the possibility of change, soliciting community input at forums and surveying students. Same as with the Native Americans, even if you have a Native Alaskan last name, this will only get you so far, as the Native Alaskans have never kept written records. Its widely known, 14-year-old Jaxon Crouse said, especially around territory as a school, and its kind of just the community., Sign up for our weekly newsletter to get more English-language news coverage from EL PAS USA Edition, If you are interested in licensing this content, please contact, Sign up to EL PAS in English Edition bulletin, If you want to follow all the latest news without any limits, subscribe to EL PAS for just 1 the first month. Eagle this last name signifies a person who has great vision and therefore eagle eyes for hunting, watching out for danger, or reading. When this happened, they would take a European surname voluntarily during baptism. Copyright 2022 by WTOP. Native American Smith surname By Diana Smith November 19, 2004 at 10:00:23. In 1810 William Ray moved his family from Jefferson county in Kentucky to Butler county, Ohio where they were to remain for eight years. Cly Navajo. Some of the features of the movie include A Martinez, Gary Farmer, Amanda Wyss and Joanelle Romero. It is derived from the American Indian and Alaskan Native: 0.93%: 0.80%: 15.03%: Two or More Races: 2.05%: 1.64%: 22.22%: Hispanic: 2.56%: 1.66%: 42.65%: Currently, the most popular American Indian and Alaskan Native last name in America is Smith, with a total count of 21,742 people who have the surname. There Goodman met Helen Rae, the daughter of a metal plater in the Glasgow shipyards. So when the Americans took over the territory, those remaining without surnames were likely given one by the US government whether they wanted one or not. It was said that the estate of Gill in Bromfield parish in Cumberland belonged to a Scottish Reay or Ray family around the year 1200. Sir Christopher Wray from Bedale became Speaker of the House of Commons in 1571. was an English stage actress, dancer and singer, best known for her roles in Edwardian musical comedies. It was the principal Irish name recorded in the barony of Owney in Limerick (on the boundary with Tipperary) in 1659. 3. This is the official U.S. rank of the last name according to the U.S. Census Bureau. . These Rays were mainly, it would appear, Scots Irish and started coming in the 1730s. WebThis is a list of Native American musicians and singers.They are notable musicians and singers, who are from Peoples indigenous to the contemporary United States, including Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, and Native Americans in the United States. Some families used to spell it Wampum, but that is incorrect. It likely comes from the Old English word Cyppe, meaning to swell. 14. Students walk past a logo that is tiled into the wall at Salamanca High School in Salamanca, N.Y., on April 18, 2023. Your partner in parenting from baby name inspiration to college planning. When the state Board of Regents this month voted to prohibit public schools use of Indigenous names, it included an exception for districts that receive written approval from a federally recognized tribal nation in New York. The Seneca Nation did not immediately issue a decision. Most common American Indian and Alaskan Native last names: 1-2000 | 2001-4000. The Ray surname in America seems to span a number of different surname spellings in England, Scotland and Ireland.Ray, Rae and Rea are the most common spellings here. Mejore su francs con solo 15 minutos al da. Theyre tied to being a Salamanca Warrior, said Redeye, who coordinates Native American programming in the schools. WebThe population of the Passamaquoddy was estimated at about 150 in 1726, 130 in 1804, 379 in 1825, 400-500 in 1859; and was enumerated as 386 in 1910. His descendants, covered in Joseph Rays 2005 book. After the war he moved to Kentucky and then to Indiana where he died in 1840 at the grand old age of 99. family surnames, Anishinabae names, photos, and source information In most cases this represents different individuals, especially if the names are from the same source. He proved to be a controversial minister at Kirkbride. Or maybe the ghost belonged to his grandson Jackson who had brutally murdered his wife and was tried for the crime in Carlisle. Chee can be used as both a first and last name. American Indians in Census Records American Indians in Bureau of the Census Records American Indians in the Federal Decennial Census, 1790-1930 Indian WebNative American Name Meaning. Most animal-related surnames entered American culture this way. Hispanic, Asian & PI. Most Common American Indian And Alaskan Native Last Names in the United States, history behind the most common Black/African-American surnames, children were named at birth after an animal or physical phenomenon, which was encouraged by the Russian government, Common Asian and Pacific Islander Surnames, Common American Indian/Alaskan Native Surnames. Raes Not Timid on the Scottish Border. Surnames WebThe most recent statistics we have for these American Indian and Alaskan Native last names is from the 2010 census. There is nothing more unique than having a name with a meaning behind it! Nationwide, 966 districts have Native themed mascots, according to NCAIs database, with Braves, Chiefs, Warriors and Indians the most widely used. In 1664 Simon married Mary Thomas on the island and they raised three children there, two daughters and one son. He lived there until his death in 1662. By the time the Americans arrived, many of the tribes were extinct or few of the original members remained. Accessed 2 May, 2023. Boys Native American name meaning waves in the water. Yoki Bluebird. They farmed beans, corn, and squash, and herded sheep and goats. School leaders say the omnipresent logo and Warrior name for the school athletic teams are sources of pride here, in the only U.S. city built on land leased from a Native American reservation. While Native American identity can at times be a complex and contested issue, the Bureau of This is presumably due to parents taking name inspiration from the state names North and South Dakota. The Ray name in England would seem to divide into a northern name and a southern name. He said the nation, which operates a resort casino in Salamanca and others in Buffalo and Niagara Falls, said it would carefully consider how the standard may apply within the community. The most Clanton families were found in USA in 1880. Star this signifies being able to see clearly through all obstacles and being a guiding light. SALAMANCA, N.Y. (AP) The profile of a Native American man, a braid trailing down and feather jutting up, is tiled into a high school hallway, dyed into the Student Marijah Skye, 17 years old, poses at Salamanca High School in Salamanca, N.Y. on April 18, 2023. In Salamanca, school officials have been preparing for the possibility of change, soliciting community input at forums and surveying students. 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272, American Indians in Bureau of the Census Records, American Indians in the Federal Decennial Census, 1790-1930, Eastern Cherokee Enumeration: Selected Microfilmed Records, Chippewa Enumeration: Selected Records on Microfilm, Census Enumeration of Pueblo Indians, 1790-1939, Enumeration of Seminole Indians in Florida, 1880-1940, Native Americans in the Census, 1860-1890, Links to more Elsewhere the Raes of Esk Grove in Midlothian came in the 1700s from Fife. Meanwhile the younger brother Jackie Rae got his start in vaudeville and was the host of The Jackie Rae Show on CBS Television during the 1950s. About 38% of students in the public school system south of Buffalo, near the Pennsylvania line, are Native American, mostly citizens of the Seneca tribe. This one is of Native American origin. 42. Starting With C. Catholic is an interesting name to see becoming so rare. This last name comes from France and signifies a person that is kind and thoughtful. Others are less well-known, like Vinson or Spotted Horse. Thats notable in a city that has seen divisions over issues including the property tax-exempt status of Native residents and the citys required lease payments to the Seneca Nation. Last Name. Native American name means a high place, where the mountains meet the sea (cliff). Long this means having a long nose and denotes someone who is observant and has a way with animals. Baby Names First Names Last Names. It can also signify someone who has a strong voice or is exuberant. Some of the early Rays here were: Caleb Ray was the Boston jailer from 1687 to 1699 when he was removed from the position for allowing pirate prisoners to escape. Although the Alaskan Natives are often grouped with the Native Americans, its important to note that over the years, these groups evolved completely differently. They settled in Bedford county. And such was his benevolence that besides the care which he took of their civil interests, he frequently instructed them in the most important concerns of our holy religion. Students walk past a logo that is tiled into the wall at Salamanca High School in Salamanca, N.Y., on April 18, 2023. This is an English name that was altered from Walshaw to make it easier for Americans to pronounce. We believe the states provision for agreements between school districts and Native nations should be rare and limited, rather than an open invitation for districts to go approval shopping among Native nations, Armstrong said. Gill House in Cumbria. Nationwide, 966 districts have Native themed mascots, according to NCAIs database, with Braves, Chiefs, Warriors and Indians the most widely used. This name means someone who is grounded and determined, even when life is hard. Marijah and other Native American students favor keeping the school's logo, which features the profile of a Native American man, despite the state's ban on the use This page is currently showing names ranked from 1 to 2000. This period is referred to as The Long Walk. Simon not only pledged to pay a sixteenth of the purchase-money for the island and to bear his proportionate part of the expense of moving the colony of sixteen families there, but he also built a vessel at his own cost for promoting and settling the island. WebBidziil m Indigenous American, Navajo Means "he is strong" in Navajo. Name of Cherokee origin that means: water forest. In Hawaiian, it means ocean, in Estonian, it means pure, and in Chinese, it means triumph. Their two sons did well in very different fields. This is an English name that was altered from Moreland to make it easier for Americans to pronounce. The Alaskan tribes were taken advantage of for years by the Russians, both in unfair trade policies, and they were also used as slaves. Acothley: This name means cowboy. The astronomical chime clock at Drumlanrig castle, made and constructed in all parts by his own hand, was testament to his mechanical powers. The word comes from tabh, which means shore or beach. To help you understand the above table, below is a description of each column and what it represents. Simon the father died in 1737 at the grand age of 102 and was buried at the Common Burying Ground in New Shoreham on Block Island. When the state Board of Regents this month voted to prohibit public schools use of Indigenous names, it included an exception for districts that receive written approval from a federally recognized tribal nation in New York. The logo really represents us as a community, said Marijah Skye, a 17-year-old student and Seneca citizen. In 1660 Simon Ray met at Braintree with six other men to discuss the settlement of Block Island off Rhode Island. This is the percentage of people who self-identified as "American Indian and Alaskan Native". April 30, 2023 at 1:11 a.m. EDT. Last year, the school board for Montville, Connecticut, voted to drop its Indians nickname after the neighboring Mohegan Tribe, owner of the Mohegan Sun casino, said it would prefer a different name. Adams son Patrick headed further west in 1881 to Barrow, Alaska where he established a US meteorological station. UPMC is no longer requiring face coverings for patients and staff at most of its facilities and locations. It can mean someone who likes trying new things or going on unique adventures. In Salamanca, school officials have been preparing for the possibility of change, soliciting community input at forums and surveying students. Thanks, your message has been sent successfully. New England. The profile of a Native American man, a braid trailing down and feather jutting up, is tiled into a high school hallway, dyed into the weight room carpet and laid into the turf of the football field at Salamanca city schools. Census cards often provide additional genealogical information and can contain references to earlier rolls, such as the 1880 Cherokee census. There is no particular origin that this name comes from, but it can be used as both a first and last name! One line from him led to Columbia county in upstate New York where Francis Ray started a Quaker community at Rayville in 1781. WebThe Blackfeet National Bank opened there in 1987 and has the distinction of being the first tribally owned and controlled, full-service bank in the United States. WebChee this name is of Native American origin and means wise one who has great vision and insight. Tabaaha. If you can trace your ancestry back to a Native American tribe, you may want to choose a Native American name for your new baby. The Navajo Nation is currently the second-largest Native American tribe in the United States, after the Cherokee Nation. This Native American surname has been derived from Middle English word Kipp. Alternatively, Ray could come from the Old French rey or roy meaning king, and would be a nickname for someone who behaved in a regal fashion. 75 Traditional Navajo Indian Names And Meanings, 75 Traditional Navajo Indian Names and Meanings. Thomass son John was an Indian agent along the North Saskatchewan river in the 1880s. Learn more about native Navajo names and meanings. Matthew Rea left county Down for Pennsylvania in 1774. NameCensus.com, https://namecensus.com/last-names/common-american-indian-and-alaskan-native-surnames/. 21 das de prueba gratuita de nuestro curso de francs online, Mejore su ingls con EL PAS con 15 minutos al da, Disfrute de nuestras lecciones personalizadas, breves y divertidas, Mejore su italiano con EL PAS con 15 minutos al da, Las mejores oportunidades hablan alemn. A push to do away with such mascots gained momentum with a campaign targeting the name of the NFLs Washington team, which in 2022 renamed itself as the Commanders. Then, growing restless, the Rays moved again. The Navajo language is closely related to the Apache language, due to migration patterns and interactions between the two tribes. Chubbuck fur. was a mid-19th century Scottish explorer of the Canadian Arctic. When the state Board of Regents this month voted to prohibit public schools use of Indigenous names, it included an exception for districts that receive written approval from a federally recognized tribal nation in New York. Native American name It can also mean someone who has a bright future and positive energy. Snake this signifies being fast and sneaky like a snake! Bear this signifies someone who has strong instincts, can be trusted, and always knows what to do. John Rea from Powick was mayor of Worcester in 1676. Retrieved from https://namecensus.com/last-names/common-american-indian-and-alaskan-native-surnames/. Eubank - Someone who lives near a group of trees. Some tribes were converted to Christianity. He was considered in later life a fine scholar and clergyman. His grandson Joseph grew up in South Carolina and in the 1790s moved with his family to Kentucky. The Ray river and Ray mountains in Alaska were named after him. In Nova Scotia, where the family also emigrated to in 1761, and in Ireland the name remained Reagh. These Rays were mainly, it would appear, Scots Irish and started coming in the 1730s. There is a family tree at ancestry.com titled Later Rays of this family were to be found in Missouri and Arkansas. Oregon, Washington state and Connecticut are among those with similar laws, forbidding schools to use Native American nicknames unless they have permission from a tribe. Cinco sedes disponibles, Licenciatura Ejecutiva en Derecho. First and foremost, if you are Native American, it is likely your ancestor was taken from their tribe and sent to an American school where they were given a new name. And considering there were over twenty languages in the region, most of which are dead now, it may be impossible to learn what your name means or where your family came from. Since then, it has been repeated without pause. Gill House, an old farmhouse in Bromfield parish, is said to be the most haunted house in Cumbria. Rhea county in Tennessee was named in his honor. Salamanca resident Michala Redeye, a Seneca citizen, said Native and non-Native residents have largely united around keeping the logo. However, the Spanish adapted the Navajo word navahuu, which means farm fields in the valley, and pronounced it Navajo.. Rays more numerous, mainly Scots and Scots Irish, came to points south. As you can see there are a lot of Native American surnames that have interesting meanings. In 1661 Simon departed with his mother and step-father to Block Island off Rhode Island where he was one of the original settlers. 31,000 in the UK (most numerous in Lancashire), 51,000 in America (most numerous in Texas), 28,000 elsewhere (most numerous in Canada). You mentioned a Mathew Reagh supposedly from Argyle whose son Joseph became Rhea in Ireland. Ojibwe of the St Croix River which has over 1200 Meanwhile the Wray spelling appeared at an early date in Wensleydale in north Yorkshire. Theyre tied to being a Salamanca Warrior, said Redeye, who coordinates Native American programming in the schools. They were known as skilled weavers, and created beautiful baskets, blankets, and clothing. He was largely concerned in settling the township and was one of the chief magistrates.
