who was the first king of scandinavia

[16] Though descent from figures such as Odin and Njord, gods in Norse mythology, might seem a prestigious origin, it would be problematic in early medieval Norway since the kings were Christian and their ancestors were worshipped as Pagan gods. The foreign influence is believed to originate with amber trade, and amber found in Mycenaean graves from this period originates from the Baltic Sea. Sweden began consolidating its empire. By the late 10th century, some Vikings (including the famous Erik the Red) moved even further westward, to Greenland. Baron Karl Otto Mrner, an obscure member of the Diet, was the one who initially extended the offer of the Swedish crown to the young soldier. Sven died the following year, leaving his son Knut (or Canute) to rule a Scandinavian empire (comprising England, Denmark, and Norway) on the North Sea. It is characterized by common ethno-cultural heritage and mutually intelligible North Germanic languages. From this period there are many mounds and fields of petroglyphs, but their signification is long since lost. The centralization of power under one monarch is believed to have resulted from, or at the very least have been connected to, Viking expansion, with petty kings increasing their power through aggressive military ventures directed both to foreign lands (i. e. Viking raids) and against their neighbors. The name Viking came from the Scandinavians themselves, from the Old Norse word "vik" (bay or creek) which formed the root of "vikingr" (pirate). By 10 June 1940, Norway's official military had surrendered to the attackers, while King Haakon VII and his legal government fled to exile in Britain. On 14 January 1814, at the Treaty of Kiel, the king of Denmark-Norway ceded Norway to the king of Sweden. [7], The sequence of legendary kings below derives from medieval Icelandic poet and historian Snorri Sturluson's Ynglinga saga, the first section of the saga collection Heimskringla. They hunted seals and fished in the rich waters. Petroglyphs and archeological findings such as settlements dating from about 10,000B.C. Between 1820 and 1920 just over two million Scandinavians settled in the United States. The rather crude appearance of the petroglyphs compared to the bronze works have given rise to the theory that they were produced by different cultures or different social groups. [14] The presence of Slavs in Scandinavia is "more significant than previously thought"[14] although "the Slavs and their interaction with Scandinavia have not been adequately investigated". They too started to cultivate the land, and by 3000 BC they became part of the megalithic Funnelbeaker culture. Some valleys close to the watershed were indeed ice-free around 30 000 years B.P. Sweden abandoned the tie to gold on 2 August 1914, and without a fixed exchange rate the free circulation came to an end. Gustav Vasa is the first King in Swedish history of whose life we have a clear view. During the 5th millennium BC, the Erteblle people learned pottery from neighbouring tribes in the south, who had begun to cultivate the land and keep animals. This region of northern France is now known as Normandy, or land of the Northmen.. After the war, all of the Scandinavian countries agreed that some form of mutual defense policy was necessary. Clerc, Louis; Glover, Nikolas; Jordan, Paul, eds. All three Scandinavian countries remained neutral throughout the First World War. Inge the Elder, whose reign stretched from the early 1080s to 1110, was in fact deposed as king in Svealand due to his reticence to participate in pagan rituals, and a king known only as Blot-Svein (lit. As the direct predecessors of Eric the Victorious, Icelandic sources give Bjrn Eriksson, preceded by Erik Anundsson. [18], The existence of Ivar Vidfamne and his dynasty, at least in the way described in the sagas, is considered highly unlikely in modern scholarship. Initially iron was valuable and was used for decoration. In the first half of the 10th century, English armies led by the descendants of Alfred of Wessex began reconquering Scandinavian areas of England; the last Scandinavian king, Erik Bloodaxe, was expelled and killed around 952, permanently uniting English into one kingdom. Rollo is remarkable mostly for his descendants. A brief Swedish civil war ensued in 1066 primarily reflecting the divisions between practitioners of indigenous religions and advocates of Christianity; by the mid-twelfth century, the Christian faction appeared to have triumphed; the once resistant center of Uppsala became the seat of the Swedish Archbishop in 1164. There are also many bog bodies from this time in Denmark, Schleswig and southern Sweden. From 1630 to 1634, they drove the Catholic forces back and regained much of the occupied Protestant lands. Denmark's strategy proved the more beneficial in the short run. In 1635 he became Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen too.) Another Norse tradition was that of blood feuds, which particularly had devastated Iceland. Something went wrong. The Christianization of Scandinavia occurred nearly simultaneously with the end of the Viking era. North of the Kongemose people lived other hunter-gatherers in most of southern Norway and Sweden called the Nstvet and Lihult cultures, descendants of the Fosna and Hensbacka cultures. During the Ingrian War Sweden expanded its territories eastward. Even later Yngling rulers are typically not designated as "Kings of Sweden" or "Kings of the Swedes" in the Ynglinga saga, most of them being described as "Kings in Uppsala", an early political center in Sweden. Vikings founded Kievan Rus in the mid-9th century, but Scandanavian settlements in Eastern Europe actually date back to at least A.D. 750. Bernadotte was originally one of Napoleon's eighteen Marshals. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 brought an end to the monetary union. [17] A grave of a warrior-woman dating to the 10th century in Denmark was long thought to belong to a Viking. [5][6][7], Since prehistoric times,[8][9] the Sami people of Arctic Europe have lived and worked in an area that stretches over the northern parts of the regions now known as Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Russian Kola Peninsula. Swedish settlers were mostly present in Rus, Livonia, and other eastern regions while the Norwegians and the Danish were primarily concentrated in western and northern Europe[citation needed] . Rise to power. Both East India Companies folded over the course of the Napoleonic Wars. Meta. Derry, T.K. Famous Scandinavian Kings from Sweden The history of Scandinavia is the history of the geographical region of Scandinavia and its peoples. Scandinavia in C.W. King Gylfi was the first king of Scandinavia and was known to have used the name Gangleri when trying to hide his identity on many occasions. Since he was childless, Sweden chose as his successor the commander in chief of the Norwegian army, Prince Christian August of Augustenborg. One important collection that exists, however, is a widespread and rich collection of stone drawings known as petroglyphs. He was recognized as the best of the Norsemen that secured the French territory and was recognized as the ruler of the area when the French king ceded it to them in 911. While there had been a handful of silent films and some smaller movies, the first Viking film with real cultural impact is Richard Fleischer's aptly named The Vikings in 1958. His position as the father of Njrr should not be seen as certain. Kalmar Union - Wikipedia The first monarch of this union was not a king, but a queen cal. They sought to avoid civilian casualties and receive favourable treatment from Germany. Several petroglyphs depict ships which could possibly be Mediterranean. Sweden decided to join the alliance against France in 1813 and was promised Norway as a reward. [14][15][16] In the Middle Ages, a significant amount of ware was transferred from Slavic areas to Scandinavia, and Denmark was "a melting pot of Slavic and Scandinavian elements". April 28, 2023. [30], The Scandinavian Monetary Union was a monetary union formed by Sweden and Denmark on 5 May 1873, by fixing their currencies against the gold standard at par to each other. Today, signs of the Viking legacy can be found mostly in the Scandinavian origins of some vocabulary and place-names in the areas in which they settled, including northern England, Scotland and Russia. [1] The figure for Norway represents almost 80% of the national population in 1800. Adolf Frederick or Adolph Frederick was the son of Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin, and Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach. The age of settlement began around 800 AD[citation needed] . Having seized Rouen and practically razed it to the ground, the Vikings entered an agreement with the King of France. The early Germanic Iron Age is the period when the Danes appear in history, and according to Jordanes, they were of the same stock as the Swedes (suehans, suetidi) and had replaced the Heruls. About ten percent supported the Nazi party. Norway was treated much more harshly throughout their occupation. A relatively large number of ethnic Danes from southern Jutland fought in the German army.[32][33]. These seafaring warriors-known collectively as Vikings or Norsemen. The inglorious deaths of many of the Swedish Ynglings; with examples such as murder, burning to death, drowning in mead and being "hag-ridden" to death,[15] might be an attempt by Sturluson to say that the kings who ruled Norway in his time and claimed Yngling descent were not to be taken seriously. However, his sudden death in 1810 forced the Swedes to look for another candidate, and once more they chose an enemy officer. In the writings of his companion Rimbert, the Vita Ansgari, several Swedish kings (who all precede Eric the Victorious) and who they met or heard of at Birka, an important Viking Age trading center, are mentioned. Thank you for visiting Scandinavia Facts. Eric the Victorious was the first ruler to be accepted by the Greats around Lake Vattern and the original Swedes around Lake Malaren. Maria Noyen. The Swedish intervention began in 1630 and lasted until 1635. Sweden required a little more time to transition to Christianity, with indigenous religious practices commonly held in localized communities well until the end of the eleventh century. During the Weichselian glaciation, almost all of Scandinavia was buried beneath a thick permanent sheet of ice and the Stone Age was delayed in this region.Some valleys close to the watershed were indeed ice-free around 30 000 years B.P. During Vasa's reign the right to inherit the Swedish crown was ratified through so called succession agreements. Canute (I), byname Canute the Great, Danish Knut, or Knud, den Store, Norwegian Knut den Mektige, (died Nov. 12, 1035), Danish king of England (1016-35), of Denmark (as Canute II; 1019-35), and of Norway (1028-35), who was a power in the politics of Europe in the 11th century, respected by both emperor and pope. A Carolingian mission (c. 820) was welcomed by King Bjorn of Sweden. At least one settlement appears to be mixed, the Alvastra pile-dwelling. Cnut was a strong ruler and England became . After the battle of Leipzig in October 1813, Bernadotte abandoned the pursuit of Napoleon and marched against Denmark, where he forced the king of Denmark-Norway to conclude the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January 1814. [23] Adam of Bremen's line of kings is thus: The Sparlsa Runestone, created c. 800, mentions several names, including the name Alrkr (Alaric) in an unclear context, the name Eirkr (Eric) in reference to a king at Uppsala and the name Eyvsl as the son of this Eirkr. Even if it was not initially foreseen, the perceived security led to a situation where the formally separate currencies were accepted on a basis of "as good as" the legal tender virtually throughout the entire area. Part of the reason for the large exodus was the increasing population caused by falling death rates, which increased unemployment. Over time they built up their area until they ruled most of the modern-day region of Normandy. Crawley, ed. The Vikings invaded and eventually settled in Scotland[citation needed] , England[citation needed], Greenland[citation needed] , the Faroe Islands[citation needed] , Iceland[citation needed] , Ireland[citation needed] , Livonia[citation needed] , Normandy[citation needed] , the Shetland Islands, Sicily, Rus' and Vinland, on what is now known as the Island of Newfoundland[citation needed] . Norwegian police, controlled by the Quisling government, aided in the capture of Norwegian Jews in 1942. Many of the kings in the saga are overshadowed by their contemporary vassals and wives,[14] and they are rarely shown in a positive light. However, they would occasionally aid the Allies. Bronze continued to be used for torques and kettles, the style of which were a continuity from the Bronze Age. Contents 1 Terminology and usage 1.1 Usage in geography 1.2 Variations in usage 1.3 Usage by cultural and tourist organizations The union provided fixed exchange rates and stability in monetary terms, but the member countries continued to issue their own separate currencies. According to later Icelandic histories, some of the early Viking settlers in Greenland (supposedly led by the Viking hero Leif Eriksson, son of Erik the Red) may have become the first Europeans to discover and explore North America. The political relationships between the different kings of Scandinavia also influenced the course of events. Many of the elements of the Ynglinga saga appear to be based on later, documented, events and people in Scandinavia. The main wave of Scandinavian emigration occurred in the 1860s lasting until the 1880s, although substantial emigration continued until the 1930s. Built in 1960 and recently restored to its full . Finland remained as a part of Russian Empire until 1917 at which point it became independent. Much of this can be attributed to the ransacking of the Roman Empire by Germanic tribes, from which many Scandinavians returned with gold and silver. Norway, which was in union with Sweden entered the union two years later, in 1875 by pegging its currency to gold at the same level as Denmark and Sweden (.403grams [2]). In scholarly circles today, there are two positions on Fairhair's . During the Viking Age, the Vikings (Scandinavian warriors and traders) raided, colonized and explored large parts of Europe, the Middle East, northern Africa, as far west as Newfoundland. He is the first Swedish king in a consecutive regnal succession, who is attested in sources independent of each other, Sweden's list of rulers usually begins with him. The region is located in Northern Europe, and consists of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. [21] The process of Christianization began in Norway during the reigns of Olaf Tryggvason (reigned 995 ADc.1000 AD) and Olaf II Haraldsson (reigned 1015 AD1030 AD). Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive. Gold was used to make scabbard mountings and bracteates; notable examples are the Golden horns of Gallehus. As an administrator, Christian IV had done remarkably well, obtaining for his kingdom a level of stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in Europe, paid for by the resund toll and extensive war reparations from Sweden. However, brave Norwegians managed to save over half of the Jewish population from Nazi death camps and help them to escape to safety in Sweden, even though they ran the risk of being severely punished for aiding Jews. In the 7th millennium BC, when the reindeer and their hunters had moved for northern Scandinavia, forests had been established in the land. Before and during this age, the Norsemen significantly intermixed with the Slavs. Olaf Tryggvason: Olaf Tryggvason (964-1000) was the first to have widespread evangelistic success in Norway. During the fall of the Roman empire, there was an abundance of gold that flowed into Scandinavia, and there are excellent works in gold from this period. What is genuine history and what is myth and legend in the sagas is impossible to determine today, and everything contained in them must as such be regarded as legendary, if not fictional. The first "king of Norway" in that sense was Hkon Aalsteinsfostri ("Hakon the Foster-son of Athalstein"), who ruled from about 935 to 960. [13] The Ynglinga saga might also be an example of anti-royal social commentary rather than an attempt to tell history. Odin, also called Wodan, Woden, or Wotan, one of the principal gods in Norse mythology. When it became known that the western alliance would not be able to supply the Scandinavian countries with armaments before meeting their own pressing needs, this issue ultimately proved to be the turning point for Norway, which resigned from the talks. They were cattle herders, and with them most of southern Scandinavia entered the Neolithic. [5], In addition to having been written centuries after the events they describe, the sagas have numerous other problems which make them unsuitable to use as sources. The Norwegian parliament offered the vacant throne to Prince Carl of Denmark, who accepted after another plebiscite had confirmed the monarchy. Scandinavia was divided during the Napoleonic Wars. [22], The Icelandic Commonwealth adopted Christianity in 1000 AD, after pressure from Norway. Battles were short and decisively won by the Swedes. A plebiscite on 13 August confirmed the parliamentary decision. These Pitted Ware tribes halted the advance of the farmers and pushed them south into southwestern Sweden, but some say that the farmers were not killed or chased away, but that they voluntarily joined the Pitted Ware culture and became part of them. The Danish intervention began when Christian IV (15771648) the King of Denmark-Norway, himself a Lutheran, helped the German Protestants by leading an army against the Holy Roman Empire, fearing that Denmark's sovereignty as a Protestant nation was being threatened. Aud Haakonsdottir of Lade. [12] Most of the sagas known today, the Ynglinga saga included, were composed during a relatively brief period, from the 12th to 13th century, a time when royal power was being consolidated in Norway, Denmark and Sweden. Nevertheless, there was a hostile relationship, with an occupation force of almost one German for every ten Norwegians. For the first time in 900 years, kings and queens from around the world are going to a British coronation. It is not known what language these early Scandinavians spoke, but towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC, they were overrun by new tribes who many scholars think spoke Proto-Indo-European, the Battle-Axe culture. He succeeded his grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf, since his own father, Prince Gustaf Adolf, had died in a plane crash in 1947, when Carl Gustaf was less than a year old. Sweden remained neutral after a heated debate. [19] She bore him a son and a daughter: Emund the Old, King of Sweden, and Astrid, Queen of Norway. They founded Irelands first trading towns: Dublin, Waterford, Wexford, Wicklow and Limerick, and used their base on the Irish coast to launch attacks within Ireland and across the Irish Sea to England.

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